Tagged: lubrication

Sensors vs Traditional Oil Analysis

In this age of AI, it seems that everyone is moving towards sensors and online data. Oil analysis sensors aren’t far behind in this revolution. There are mid-infrared sensors that have been engineered to relate their findings to those of regular oil tests (developed by Spectrolytic). While sensors are the way of the future, the fundamental concept remains the same. What are we doing with the data, and what data are we trending?

Sensors deliver speed, but proven lab methods still set the benchmark for accuracy.

Traditional oil analysis labs trend data, albeit the frequency of the data points is not as high as that of an online sensor. Hence, subtle/instant changes may not be readily noticed or detected. The methods used in these labs have been tried and tested over the years (and approved by various standards committees) to reflect conditions that the oil is facing in the field.

On the other hand, in the sensor world, not many of them (with the few exceptions) correlate exactly to what is being seen in the field. Hence, some lab tests, especially for the specialty tests such as RULER, MPC, and TOST (mainly for turbines), still need to be done by the lab. This is a great opportunity for traditional labs and sensor companies to collaborate and provide customers with collated data.

Moving Towards Sustainable Maintenance

While this article explicitly discusses extending the oil drain intervals for your assets, it underscores the importance of working alongside maintenance and condition monitoring to achieve these results. There is no clear cookie-cutter routine to achieve this, as each fleet of assets will be different and require varying levels of complexity for analysis. One thing is clear, though: we need to move towards sustainable maintenance.

Performing maintenance in the traditional way of just waiting for the appointed interval may be costing us increased labor and parts. However, by working alongside maintenance and condition monitoring, we can get more value from our assets and even increase our ROIs. Sustainable maintenance is the way forward for most asset owners as we move into a new era of maintenance.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Setting Up Baselines

Global oil suppliers have baseline or tolerance limits that are used when providing guidelines to customers about their equipment. The limits for a gearbox will differ from those of an engine. For instance, an iron content level of 3000ppm is normal for an automatic transmission gearbox but highly irregular for a diesel engine! Hence, it is important to know the limits associated with the application.

Some labs have also developed their own set of limits based on years of collecting hundreds of samples and liaising with their customers in the field. OEMs have also developed their own sets of limits (usually displayed in their manuals) based on their testing in the lab and on the field.

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Knowing your own “normal” is more valuable than any generic industry limit.

Ideally, when developing your target levels, you should trend your data and find out what “normal” looks like for your equipment. In some cases, what is normal for your environment may be abnormal in a different environment. But it is important to note when normal varies from standard operating tolerances. This is where you would want to work together with your oil supplier, lab, and OEM to develop tolerances that align with your equipment.

Depending on your maintenance program, you can also adjust the tolerance accordingly. If you are aware that maintenance may not act on a threshold limit right away, it may be a good idea to add some padding to those limits. This ensures that the equipment does not suffer by pushing it to the limits.

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Let’s explore how to set the limits for a diesel engine fleet of trucks.

First, let’s categorize the trucks into critical, semi-critical, and non-critical.

The critical ones are those that, if they break down, there is no replacement; the downtime hurts us financially and can delay the project. These need to be available 24/7.

The semi-critical ones are those that still have an impact on the operation if they break down, but it’s not quite as disastrous. These can be trucks that are not on tight deadlines, can afford to have some leniency or delays with their workload.

The non-critical trucks are those that can be easily swapped out for another truck without causing any delay or impact to the project, but they are still important.

Now that these are categorized, we need to find out what types of engines are being used and what the recommended diesel engine oils are for these units. Typically, most operators have mixed fleets. Thus, one may see a wide age/mileage gap in the engines. This gives us an idea of the reliability of the engines, which can impact the setting of the tolerance limits.

Since it’s a diesel engine fleet, it would be worthwhile to consider the type of fuel being used for this fleet. With diesel engines, there are varying levels of sulphur in the fuel, which can impact the oil drain intervals as well.

For this fleet, we may need to establish varying oil drain intervals to ensure maximum reliability, based on the categories outlined by their criticality. Before adopting set oil drain intervals, it is important to execute a pilot project with the fleet to anticipate any rollout challenges for the future. We will discuss these in more detail in the case study section.

Real-World Results from a Diesel Fleet Oil Analysis Program

Fleet: Mixed long-haul trucks of various ages/mileages

Predominant oil: Mineral 15w40 Diesel engine oil (CI4 spec)

Regular Oil Drain Interval: 3000km (based on best practice over time)

Approach: An engine asset list was first compiled for every truck in the fleet. This follows the table below:

Table 1: Sample of Engine Asset listing for Mixed long-haul fleet

It’s important to have a column for comments as this can capture some data that we may not be aware of, such as a recent engine overhaul done to the unit, or the driver has regularly lost power over the past few weeks, or the driver tops up the oil every time he gets back to the yard.

These little details may not be captured in the CMMS (if one exists) or the maintenance logs, but they are crucial in determining whether we can safely extend the oil drain intervals or not. For units that require special attention or are under warranty, these may have to be excluded until more favorable conditions exist.

Based on the fleet (15 trucks), they were categorized into three main groups:

Critical – these units were being used every day on projects that had tight deadlines. They were often unavailable to return to the yard for maintenance or oil changes, as each hour away from the job affected the project deadline.

Semi-critical – these units were utilized by various customers at distant locations and often spent most of their time at the customer site (due to the distance). Hence, basic maintenance was usually performed at the customer’s site, causing minimal disruption to the operation.

Non-Critical – these units are often deployed in situations where extra assistance is required, or they are the standby units if one of the critical units is in trouble.

Even though they had these three groupings, the engine types and mileages were very varied. Hence, a matrix was formed for this fleet.

Table 2: Criticality Matrix – Long-haul fleet

The majority of the fleet falls within the 20-100,000km range, spanning across the critical, semi-critical, and non-critical categories.

A pilot test was done on the following:

3 of the critical units within the 20-100,000km range
1 semi-critical unit in the >100,000km range
1 non-critical unit in the > 100,000km range

Since the typical oil drain interval was 3,000km, we took samples at 1500, 2000, 2500, and then again at 3000km. Based on the trend observed from the first 3 samples, we had a fair indication of the condition of the oil before it got to 3000km.

None of the samples showed any unusual signs of wear, excessive additive depletion, or ingress of contaminants. For these samples, we kept a close eye on maintaining the following parameters:

Table 3: Suggested Parameters to monitor for fleet

Samples were then taken at 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 & 6000km. Then, another set of samples was taken at 6500, 7000, 7500, and 8000km once the oil analysis values were still within range. The aim was to at least double the oil drain interval for this fleet.

Intervals of 500km were used as a cautionary value to allow enough time for any anomalies to be caught. The critical engines got to these values faster than the semi-critical and non-critical units.

All of the critical units easily got to 9000km without any of the oil analysis values entering the warning zones. However, the semi-critical unit, which had exceeded 100,000km, only made it to 8,500 km before the TBN and fuel dilution values entered the warning zone. The non-critical unit, which exceeded 100,000km, also reached 9,000 km without any issues.

Since the owner wanted to be on the side of caution (and allow some wiggle room between the intervals for trucks which could not get maintenance done at the specified interval), they chose to change the oils across the fleet at the 7500km mark but keep the oil analysis program where they perform samples at 4000 & 7000km.

They will now work alongside oil analysis, and for some trucks, where they believe they can have an even longer interval, they will extend it accordingly.

What does this mean?

These engines take approximately 44 quarts or roughly 42 liters of oil and are changed every 3000km or roughly 2 months (critical units) with an average of 3 hours downtime for the oil change.

Hence, one unit undergoes approximately six oil changes per year:

An average of about 3 hours x 6 times = 18 hours downtime
An average of 42 liters x 6 times = 252 liters changed per year
Thus, for six critical units that would be:
Downtime => 18 hours x 6 units = 108 hours
Oil consumption = 252 liters x 6 units = 1,512 liters

The new oil drain interval of 7500km resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the interval.

This means that the new interval would be every 5 months instead of every 2 months.

Thus, these six units would only do oil changes twice for the year.

New downtime = 3 hours x 2 times/year x 6 units = 36 hours / year

New oil consumption = 42 liters x 2 times/year x 6 units = 504 liters

The following table summarizes the changes.

Table 4: Comparison with extended oil drain interval (ODI)

This is just for part of the fleet, and a dollar value has not been assigned to these, but clearly, there are lots of benefits to extending the oil drain interval through guided oil analysis.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

What Should be Tracked in Oil Analysis

Every type of equipment will have different tests that should be performed to monitor its health. We will break down a few common types and the associated basic and some specific oil analysis tests that should be performed.

Diesel/Gasoline Engines (can be further broken down into on-road, stationary, aviation, landfill, and marine)

Basic (monthly tests)

Gearboxes (can be broken down into industrial or automotive)

Hydraulics

Turbines and Compressors

We did not dive into Electrical oils, heat transfer oil, circulating oils, metalworking fluids, or seal oils, but these will have similar type tests and some special tests as well.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Dangers of Pushing the Limits with Oil Drain Intervals

There is always a danger in pushing limits; that’s why limits exist. They serve as guardrails to ensure that things remain within the standard envelope. As it applies to oil analysis, there are some dangers if the limits are not addressed.

Typically, maintenance intervals are determined by the number of hours worked or the mileage of equipment. These guidelines were developed by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) based on lab and, in some cases, field tests. Usually, these limits are set with some tolerance for “marginal error,” where the oil may not be changed exactly at the specified interval. However, nobody states what those margins are or what tolerance limits can be used.

Dangers of Pushing the Limits with Oil Drain Intervals

In these cases, the oil, whether it has reached the end of its useful life or not, is changed in an attempt to protect the equipment from failing in the future. Hence, OEMs always recommend staying within the limits, as those are what they can guarantee / warranty. Pushing the limits may mean getting in a bit of trouble with your OEM, and they may void your warranty. However, if the benefits outweigh their concerns, then it may be time to push those limits.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Safety and Environmental Advantages of Extending Oil Drain Intervals

Apart from the financial benefit of extending the oil drain interval, there are also safety and environmental benefits. If these pieces of equipment are in high-risk areas, then the humans involved in changing the oil would be placed at risk during these times.

If the oil drain interval is extended, then the humans performing these operations will have reduced hours spent in these high-risk areas. As such, it will limit the number of risk-hours and possibly lower the LTI (Loss Time Injuries) or occurrence of any such safety incidents.

Fewer oil changes mean fewer hours in hazardous zones – and fewer chances for accidents.

Safety and Environmental Advantages of Extending Oil Drain Intervals

Every time the oil is drained from the sump, it must be disposed of safely. Typically, worksites have a dedicated area in which the used oil is stored until it is collected by a disposal provider. Some providers may charge based on the volume they collect or the frequency at which they service their customers. However, the oil must still be disposed. With longer oil drain intervals, there is a reduced volume of used oil collected by these suppliers.

Additionally, longer oil drain intervals also impact the consumption of new oil for these systems. Therefore, equipment owners would likely see a decline in the volumes of oil purchased. This also translates to a saving on the environment as resources used to create new oil are also now reduced, or rather, the demand may be reduced overall.

Another benefit of extended oil drain intervals is that the equipment is available for a longer time. This can become critical in some jobs where the equipment is needed 24/7 or even for an emergency. The availability of equipment can also translate into the potential saving of a life (depending on the equipment).

Overall, there are financial, safety, and environmental benefits to extending the oil drain interval for equipment.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Financial Gains from Extended Oil Drain Intervals

Before diving further into the condition monitoring aspect, we need to answer the question, “Are there any real benefits to extending the oil drain interval of a piece of equipment?” The answer depends on the criticality of the equipment and the cost associated with its downtime.

Financial Gains from Extended Oil Drain Intervals

For critical equipment where maintenance downtime hampers production or availability, extending oil drain intervals offers tremendous financial benefits. For every oil drain interval, there are associated costs such as manual labor, cost of supplies (filters, new charge of oil), and disposal of used oil, to name just a few.

Every unnecessary oil change wastes labor, materials, and money that could be invested in reliability.

Depending on the size of the sump, costs can escalate, particularly if cleaning is required before the new oil charge is placed into the equipment. Different types of applications will advise the draining of the sump and refilling with new oil, while others recommend that the sump be flushed or manually cleaned before the new oil is administered.

Additionally, if the used oil becomes heavily contaminated during use, the sump and entire system would need to be cleaned thoroughly before new oil is used.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

What is Condition Monitoring and Why Is It Important?

In this age of artificial Intelligence and sensors that pop on and off, we often forget about the basics and where things all started. Condition monitoring began as a way to detect anomalies in our equipment using various types of technologies. These include: vibration, ultrasound, infrared, oil analysis, and even temperature.

These were all conditions that were “aligned” with what was happening on the inside of the machine. As such, changes in their values usually indicated that something was occurring, but it was up to the trained analyst to determine if that was a good thing or a bad thing.

The most effective reliability programs blend multiple condition monitoring technologies to catch failures before they happen.

What is Condition Monitoring and Why Is It Important

For this article, we will focus heavily on oil analysis, but this does not mean that it’s the only technology that should be used for monitoring your equipment. It has been proven that a combination of technologies can maximize the opportunity to detect an impending failure earlier and allow the maintenance team to act/plan accordingly. This can save millions of dollars depending on the industry and the type of equipment.

Using Oil Analysis as a Core Condition Monitoring Tool

Stated, oil analysis can be any test performed on the oil that has been in use in the system. It is essential to note that the oil sampled should be representative of the system; otherwise, the results can lead to operators making inaccurate decisions.

For instance, oil taken from a dead leg of the equipment or in a stagnant zone does not truly represent the oil in the system. This can give a false representation of the system and cause misdiagnosis.

Depending on the equipment being monitored, specific tests would be required to determine the health of those systems. For example, with a turbine oil, one specific test would be the RULER® test to determine the remaining useful life (in the form of antioxidants).

However, if this test were performed for a transformer oil, it would not provide the operator with the necessary information, and more aligned tests such as Viscosity, Dissolved Gas Analysis, or Flash point would be more suitable.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Global Market Size and Growth Projections for Hydraulic Oil

In 2021, the global size of the hydraulic fluid market was $7.6 billion, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2022 to 2030. On the other hand, in 2021, the US hydraulic fluids market was valued at $654.5 million, as shown in Figure 15 below. They have an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% from 2022 to 2030.

Figure 15. US Hydraulic Fluids Market by size and base oil type as per Grand View Research

Global Market Size and Growth Projections of Hydraulic Oil

Key Drivers and Challenges in the Market

An increase in construction due to greater global demand for infrastructure is noted as one of the key factors driving the demand for hydraulic fluids. Previously, during the pandemic in 2020, there were supply chain issues that affected the delivery of base oils to many markets. Additionally, the Russia-Ukraine war has also led to supply shortages, disrupting the regular market demand.

Regional and Industry-specific Trends in Hydraulic Oil Consumption

While the global hydraulic fluid market size was $7.6B in 2021, the most prevalent sector was construction (25.3%) as seen in Figure 16 below. As initially noted, the construction sector has seen a significant increase, but this should not distract from the prevalence of hydraulics in many other industries, including metal and mining, oil and gas, Agriculture, Automotive, aerospace, and defense, to name a few.

Figure 16. Global Hydraulic Market by sector as per Grand View Research

Emerging Technologies and Their Impact on the Market

As regulations regarding emissions and their impact on the environment become more stringent, we are seeing some movement towards EALs (Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants) and even synthetic hydraulic lubricants. Users are more aware of the environmental implications of hydraulic oils entering waterways and the overall CO2e associated with mineral oils compared to synthetic lubricants.

References

Mang, T., & Dresel, W. (2007). Lubricants and Lubrication 2nd Edition. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Hard Chrome Specialists. (2025, March 01). The History of Hydraulics. Retrieved from Hard Chrome Specialists: https://hcsplating.com/resources/hydraulic-systems-guide/history-of-hydraulics/
National Lubricating Grease Institute. (2025, March 01). Grease Glossary H1/H2/H3/3H/HX1. Retrieved from National Lubricating Grease Institute: https://www.nlgi.org/grease-glossary/h1-h2-h3-3h-hx1/
Totten, G. E. (2006). Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology Volume I Application and Maintenance Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460. (2011, November). Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants, EPA 800‐R‐11‐002. Retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/vgp_environmentally_acceptable_lubricants.pdf
European Commssion. (2025, April 05). Aquatic toxicity. Retrieved from The Joint Research Centre: EU Science Hub: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/projects-and-activities/reference-and-measurement/european-union-reference-laboratories/eu-reference-laboratory-alternatives-animal-testing-eurl-ecvam/alternative-methods-toxicity-testing/validated-test-methods-h
Houston, M. (2015). New EPA Regulations for Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants and their effect on the dredging industry. Proceedings of Western Dredging Association and Texas A&M University Center for Dredging Studies’ “Dredging Summit and Expo 2015”, (pp. 384-391).
Grand View Research. (2022). Hydraulic Fluids Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Base Oil (Mineral Oil, Synthetic Oil, Bio-based Oil), By End-use (Construction, Oil & Gas, Agriculture, Metal & Mining), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022 – 2030. San Francisco: Grand View Research.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Tips for Storing and Disposing of Hydraulic Oil

Hydraulic oils are easily contaminated, particularly during storage and handling. Due to the tight clearances in hydraulic systems and their function of transmitting power, any contaminant can cause an issue with the system’s efficiency. As such, it is crucial to store and dispose of these oils properly.

Every ounce of contamination prevented during storage saves hours of troubleshooting later.

Proper storage of hydraulic oils includes keeping the containers closed and protected from the elements, as this prevents dirt particles from entering easily. These oils should not be stored in an area that is not covered or exposed to the elements, as this increases the risk of contamination. For any oil that is decanted into smaller containers, filters should be used during decanting (into a clean container) and upon decanting into the equipment to minimize the transfer of particles from the outside.

Tips for Storing and Disposing of Hydraulic Oil

When hydraulic oil reaches the end of its life, it must be disposed of properly. In different countries, various rules and regulations govern this disposal. In many countries, a certificate of custody and chain of transfer is required when moving used hydraulic oils from the equipment site to the site where they are disposed of. Some waste oil removal companies ask that the hydraulic oils be separated from other oils, especially in cases where these will be re-refined to create new oils.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Selecting the Right Hydraulic Oil

With numerous hydraulic oils available on the market, selecting the one that best suits your system can be a challenging task. Several factors should be considered when choosing the most suitable hydraulic oil.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Hydraulic Oil

As with many oils, the first set of factors to consider when selecting an oil are the operational limits of the system and the oil. Typically, OEMs can guide users accordingly in this area, as they pay attention to the operating temperatures, pressures of the system, as well as the required viscosity of the oil.

Next, they need to consider the environment in which they are working. Are there any possibilities of the oil entering waterways or the soil? In such cases, environmentally friendly lubricants should be used. They also need to determine if these oils will be exposed to harsher environmental conditions than regular ones. If this is the case, then they may consider utilizing synthetic oils instead of mineral oils.

Compatibility with Equipment and Seals

Most mineral hydraulic oils are compatible with seals and some metals. However, certain hydraulic oils are not. HFC fluids (Water polymer fire-resistant hydraulic fluids with water content >35%) react aggressively with tin and cadmium. As such, silicone rubber and Teflon are the materials utilized when these fluids are in use.

On the other hand, HFD fluids (water-free, synthetic fire-resistant hydraulic fluids) attack aluminum and aluminum alloys in the presence of friction stresses. Therefore, the only materials used with HFD oils are Viton and Teflon.

Due to the polar nature of environmentally friendly ester fluids, this causes significant swelling of conventional standard elastomers. On the other hand, Epikote and DD paints are resistant to HEPG (water-free, rapidly biodegradable polyalkylene glycols that are soluble in water), HFC, and HFD fluids to a certain extent. Therefore, the inside of tanks or other exposed surfaces should not be coated with these materials to avoid corrosion.

Environmental Regulations for Hydraulic Oil

Environmental lubricants are typically classified into three main categories:

Biodegradability – measure of the breakdown of a chemical (or chemical mixture) by microorganisms. This can be Primary (where there is a loss of one or more active groups that renders the compound inactive regarding that function) or Ultimate biodegradation (also known as mineralization, where the chemical compound is converted to carbon dioxide, water, and mineral salts).

Figure 9. Internationally Standardized Test Methods for Measuring Biodegradability as per United States EPA5

Two additional operational properties that define biodegradability are inherently biodegradable (showing evidence of biodegradability in any test for biodegradability) and readily biodegradable (where a fraction of the compound is ultimately biodegradable within a specific time frame, as specified by a test method). Figure 9 shows a table of internationally standardized test methods for measuring biodegradability.

Aquatic Toxicity – This refers to the effects of a chemical on organisms that live in water and is determined using organisms representing three trophic levels: algae or plants (primary producers), Invertebrates (primary consumers or secondary producers), and vertebrates (secondary consumers).

Acute toxicity is determined by exposing fish to a series of concentrations of a chemical over a short period. The concentration that is lethal to 50% of the test fish is calculated and expressed as the LC50 value.

On the other hand, Chronic Toxicity covers a longer exposure time. It examines the effects on hatching, growth, and survival to determine the NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) values, LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration), or ECx values, where x is a percentage and the concentration of a chemical at which that percentage of the population shows some effect.

As seen in Figure 10, this is the list of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Aquatic Toxicity Tests.

Figure 10. OECD Aquatic Toxicity Tests as per United States EPA

Figure 11. Summary of Bioaccumulation potential by Base oil Types as per United States EPA

Bioaccumulation – this refers to the accumulation of chemicals within the tissues of an organism over time. Depending on the degradation rate of the chemical, this can lead to a buildup in the organism over time, ultimately resulting in adverse biological effects. The bioaccumulation potential of a compound is directly related to its water solubility. Figure 11 presents a summary of the bioaccumulation potential by base oil type.

Overall, when investigating the environmentally acceptable properties of lubricants, we can compare their behavior based on their base oil type, as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Comparative Environmental Behavior of Lubricants by Base Oil Type as per United States EPA

Additionally, a comparison of their features by type is illustrated in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Comparison of EAL types and features as per Houston

Several labelling programs provide guidance for EALS. These are summarized below in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Comparison of EAL Labelling Programs as per United States EPA

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.