Tagged: engineering

Sensors vs Traditional Oil Analysis

In this age of AI, it seems that everyone is moving towards sensors and online data. Oil analysis sensors aren’t far behind in this revolution. There are mid-infrared sensors that have been engineered to relate their findings to those of regular oil tests (developed by Spectrolytic). While sensors are the way of the future, the fundamental concept remains the same. What are we doing with the data, and what data are we trending?

Sensors deliver speed, but proven lab methods still set the benchmark for accuracy.

Traditional oil analysis labs trend data, albeit the frequency of the data points is not as high as that of an online sensor. Hence, subtle/instant changes may not be readily noticed or detected. The methods used in these labs have been tried and tested over the years (and approved by various standards committees) to reflect conditions that the oil is facing in the field.

On the other hand, in the sensor world, not many of them (with the few exceptions) correlate exactly to what is being seen in the field. Hence, some lab tests, especially for the specialty tests such as RULER, MPC, and TOST (mainly for turbines), still need to be done by the lab. This is a great opportunity for traditional labs and sensor companies to collaborate and provide customers with collated data.

Moving Towards Sustainable Maintenance

While this article explicitly discusses extending the oil drain intervals for your assets, it underscores the importance of working alongside maintenance and condition monitoring to achieve these results. There is no clear cookie-cutter routine to achieve this, as each fleet of assets will be different and require varying levels of complexity for analysis. One thing is clear, though: we need to move towards sustainable maintenance.

Performing maintenance in the traditional way of just waiting for the appointed interval may be costing us increased labor and parts. However, by working alongside maintenance and condition monitoring, we can get more value from our assets and even increase our ROIs. Sustainable maintenance is the way forward for most asset owners as we move into a new era of maintenance.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Setting Up Baselines

Global oil suppliers have baseline or tolerance limits that are used when providing guidelines to customers about their equipment. The limits for a gearbox will differ from those of an engine. For instance, an iron content level of 3000ppm is normal for an automatic transmission gearbox but highly irregular for a diesel engine! Hence, it is important to know the limits associated with the application.

Some labs have also developed their own set of limits based on years of collecting hundreds of samples and liaising with their customers in the field. OEMs have also developed their own sets of limits (usually displayed in their manuals) based on their testing in the lab and on the field.

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Knowing your own “normal” is more valuable than any generic industry limit.

Ideally, when developing your target levels, you should trend your data and find out what “normal” looks like for your equipment. In some cases, what is normal for your environment may be abnormal in a different environment. But it is important to note when normal varies from standard operating tolerances. This is where you would want to work together with your oil supplier, lab, and OEM to develop tolerances that align with your equipment.

Depending on your maintenance program, you can also adjust the tolerance accordingly. If you are aware that maintenance may not act on a threshold limit right away, it may be a good idea to add some padding to those limits. This ensures that the equipment does not suffer by pushing it to the limits.

Setting Oil Analysis Limits for Diesel Fleets

Let’s explore how to set the limits for a diesel engine fleet of trucks.

First, let’s categorize the trucks into critical, semi-critical, and non-critical.

The critical ones are those that, if they break down, there is no replacement; the downtime hurts us financially and can delay the project. These need to be available 24/7.

The semi-critical ones are those that still have an impact on the operation if they break down, but it’s not quite as disastrous. These can be trucks that are not on tight deadlines, can afford to have some leniency or delays with their workload.

The non-critical trucks are those that can be easily swapped out for another truck without causing any delay or impact to the project, but they are still important.

Now that these are categorized, we need to find out what types of engines are being used and what the recommended diesel engine oils are for these units. Typically, most operators have mixed fleets. Thus, one may see a wide age/mileage gap in the engines. This gives us an idea of the reliability of the engines, which can impact the setting of the tolerance limits.

Since it’s a diesel engine fleet, it would be worthwhile to consider the type of fuel being used for this fleet. With diesel engines, there are varying levels of sulphur in the fuel, which can impact the oil drain intervals as well.

For this fleet, we may need to establish varying oil drain intervals to ensure maximum reliability, based on the categories outlined by their criticality. Before adopting set oil drain intervals, it is important to execute a pilot project with the fleet to anticipate any rollout challenges for the future. We will discuss these in more detail in the case study section.

Real-World Results from a Diesel Fleet Oil Analysis Program

Fleet: Mixed long-haul trucks of various ages/mileages

Predominant oil: Mineral 15w40 Diesel engine oil (CI4 spec)

Regular Oil Drain Interval: 3000km (based on best practice over time)

Approach: An engine asset list was first compiled for every truck in the fleet. This follows the table below:

Table 1: Sample of Engine Asset listing for Mixed long-haul fleet

It’s important to have a column for comments as this can capture some data that we may not be aware of, such as a recent engine overhaul done to the unit, or the driver has regularly lost power over the past few weeks, or the driver tops up the oil every time he gets back to the yard.

These little details may not be captured in the CMMS (if one exists) or the maintenance logs, but they are crucial in determining whether we can safely extend the oil drain intervals or not. For units that require special attention or are under warranty, these may have to be excluded until more favorable conditions exist.

Based on the fleet (15 trucks), they were categorized into three main groups:

Critical – these units were being used every day on projects that had tight deadlines. They were often unavailable to return to the yard for maintenance or oil changes, as each hour away from the job affected the project deadline.

Semi-critical – these units were utilized by various customers at distant locations and often spent most of their time at the customer site (due to the distance). Hence, basic maintenance was usually performed at the customer’s site, causing minimal disruption to the operation.

Non-Critical – these units are often deployed in situations where extra assistance is required, or they are the standby units if one of the critical units is in trouble.

Even though they had these three groupings, the engine types and mileages were very varied. Hence, a matrix was formed for this fleet.

Table 2: Criticality Matrix – Long-haul fleet

The majority of the fleet falls within the 20-100,000km range, spanning across the critical, semi-critical, and non-critical categories.

A pilot test was done on the following:

3 of the critical units within the 20-100,000km range
1 semi-critical unit in the >100,000km range
1 non-critical unit in the > 100,000km range

Since the typical oil drain interval was 3,000km, we took samples at 1500, 2000, 2500, and then again at 3000km. Based on the trend observed from the first 3 samples, we had a fair indication of the condition of the oil before it got to 3000km.

None of the samples showed any unusual signs of wear, excessive additive depletion, or ingress of contaminants. For these samples, we kept a close eye on maintaining the following parameters:

Table 3: Suggested Parameters to monitor for fleet

Samples were then taken at 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 & 6000km. Then, another set of samples was taken at 6500, 7000, 7500, and 8000km once the oil analysis values were still within range. The aim was to at least double the oil drain interval for this fleet.

Intervals of 500km were used as a cautionary value to allow enough time for any anomalies to be caught. The critical engines got to these values faster than the semi-critical and non-critical units.

All of the critical units easily got to 9000km without any of the oil analysis values entering the warning zones. However, the semi-critical unit, which had exceeded 100,000km, only made it to 8,500 km before the TBN and fuel dilution values entered the warning zone. The non-critical unit, which exceeded 100,000km, also reached 9,000 km without any issues.

Since the owner wanted to be on the side of caution (and allow some wiggle room between the intervals for trucks which could not get maintenance done at the specified interval), they chose to change the oils across the fleet at the 7500km mark but keep the oil analysis program where they perform samples at 4000 & 7000km.

They will now work alongside oil analysis, and for some trucks, where they believe they can have an even longer interval, they will extend it accordingly.

What does this mean?

These engines take approximately 44 quarts or roughly 42 liters of oil and are changed every 3000km or roughly 2 months (critical units) with an average of 3 hours downtime for the oil change.

Hence, one unit undergoes approximately six oil changes per year:

An average of about 3 hours x 6 times = 18 hours downtime
An average of 42 liters x 6 times = 252 liters changed per year
Thus, for six critical units that would be:
Downtime => 18 hours x 6 units = 108 hours
Oil consumption = 252 liters x 6 units = 1,512 liters

The new oil drain interval of 7500km resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the interval.

This means that the new interval would be every 5 months instead of every 2 months.

Thus, these six units would only do oil changes twice for the year.

New downtime = 3 hours x 2 times/year x 6 units = 36 hours / year

New oil consumption = 42 liters x 2 times/year x 6 units = 504 liters

The following table summarizes the changes.

Table 4: Comparison with extended oil drain interval (ODI)

This is just for part of the fleet, and a dollar value has not been assigned to these, but clearly, there are lots of benefits to extending the oil drain interval through guided oil analysis.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

What Should be Tracked in Oil Analysis

Every type of equipment will have different tests that should be performed to monitor its health. We will break down a few common types and the associated basic and some specific oil analysis tests that should be performed.

Diesel/Gasoline Engines (can be further broken down into on-road, stationary, aviation, landfill, and marine)

Basic (monthly tests)

Gearboxes (can be broken down into industrial or automotive)

Hydraulics

Turbines and Compressors

We did not dive into Electrical oils, heat transfer oil, circulating oils, metalworking fluids, or seal oils, but these will have similar type tests and some special tests as well.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Dangers of Pushing the Limits with Oil Drain Intervals

There is always a danger in pushing limits; that’s why limits exist. They serve as guardrails to ensure that things remain within the standard envelope. As it applies to oil analysis, there are some dangers if the limits are not addressed.

Typically, maintenance intervals are determined by the number of hours worked or the mileage of equipment. These guidelines were developed by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) based on lab and, in some cases, field tests. Usually, these limits are set with some tolerance for “marginal error,” where the oil may not be changed exactly at the specified interval. However, nobody states what those margins are or what tolerance limits can be used.

Dangers of Pushing the Limits with Oil Drain Intervals

In these cases, the oil, whether it has reached the end of its useful life or not, is changed in an attempt to protect the equipment from failing in the future. Hence, OEMs always recommend staying within the limits, as those are what they can guarantee / warranty. Pushing the limits may mean getting in a bit of trouble with your OEM, and they may void your warranty. However, if the benefits outweigh their concerns, then it may be time to push those limits.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Safety and Environmental Advantages of Extending Oil Drain Intervals

Apart from the financial benefit of extending the oil drain interval, there are also safety and environmental benefits. If these pieces of equipment are in high-risk areas, then the humans involved in changing the oil would be placed at risk during these times.

If the oil drain interval is extended, then the humans performing these operations will have reduced hours spent in these high-risk areas. As such, it will limit the number of risk-hours and possibly lower the LTI (Loss Time Injuries) or occurrence of any such safety incidents.

Fewer oil changes mean fewer hours in hazardous zones – and fewer chances for accidents.

Safety and Environmental Advantages of Extending Oil Drain Intervals

Every time the oil is drained from the sump, it must be disposed of safely. Typically, worksites have a dedicated area in which the used oil is stored until it is collected by a disposal provider. Some providers may charge based on the volume they collect or the frequency at which they service their customers. However, the oil must still be disposed. With longer oil drain intervals, there is a reduced volume of used oil collected by these suppliers.

Additionally, longer oil drain intervals also impact the consumption of new oil for these systems. Therefore, equipment owners would likely see a decline in the volumes of oil purchased. This also translates to a saving on the environment as resources used to create new oil are also now reduced, or rather, the demand may be reduced overall.

Another benefit of extended oil drain intervals is that the equipment is available for a longer time. This can become critical in some jobs where the equipment is needed 24/7 or even for an emergency. The availability of equipment can also translate into the potential saving of a life (depending on the equipment).

Overall, there are financial, safety, and environmental benefits to extending the oil drain interval for equipment.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

Financial Gains from Extended Oil Drain Intervals

Before diving further into the condition monitoring aspect, we need to answer the question, “Are there any real benefits to extending the oil drain interval of a piece of equipment?” The answer depends on the criticality of the equipment and the cost associated with its downtime.

Financial Gains from Extended Oil Drain Intervals

For critical equipment where maintenance downtime hampers production or availability, extending oil drain intervals offers tremendous financial benefits. For every oil drain interval, there are associated costs such as manual labor, cost of supplies (filters, new charge of oil), and disposal of used oil, to name just a few.

Every unnecessary oil change wastes labor, materials, and money that could be invested in reliability.

Depending on the size of the sump, costs can escalate, particularly if cleaning is required before the new oil charge is placed into the equipment. Different types of applications will advise the draining of the sump and refilling with new oil, while others recommend that the sump be flushed or manually cleaned before the new oil is administered.

Additionally, if the used oil becomes heavily contaminated during use, the sump and entire system would need to be cleaned thoroughly before new oil is used.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties / Used Oil Analysis

What is Condition Monitoring and Why Is It Important?

In this age of artificial Intelligence and sensors that pop on and off, we often forget about the basics and where things all started. Condition monitoring began as a way to detect anomalies in our equipment using various types of technologies. These include: vibration, ultrasound, infrared, oil analysis, and even temperature.

These were all conditions that were “aligned” with what was happening on the inside of the machine. As such, changes in their values usually indicated that something was occurring, but it was up to the trained analyst to determine if that was a good thing or a bad thing.

The most effective reliability programs blend multiple condition monitoring technologies to catch failures before they happen.

What is Condition Monitoring and Why Is It Important

For this article, we will focus heavily on oil analysis, but this does not mean that it’s the only technology that should be used for monitoring your equipment. It has been proven that a combination of technologies can maximize the opportunity to detect an impending failure earlier and allow the maintenance team to act/plan accordingly. This can save millions of dollars depending on the industry and the type of equipment.

Using Oil Analysis as a Core Condition Monitoring Tool

Stated, oil analysis can be any test performed on the oil that has been in use in the system. It is essential to note that the oil sampled should be representative of the system; otherwise, the results can lead to operators making inaccurate decisions.

For instance, oil taken from a dead leg of the equipment or in a stagnant zone does not truly represent the oil in the system. This can give a false representation of the system and cause misdiagnosis.

Depending on the equipment being monitored, specific tests would be required to determine the health of those systems. For example, with a turbine oil, one specific test would be the RULER® test to determine the remaining useful life (in the form of antioxidants).

However, if this test were performed for a transformer oil, it would not provide the operator with the necessary information, and more aligned tests such as Viscosity, Dissolved Gas Analysis, or Flash point would be more suitable.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Frequently Asked Questions About Machinery Lubrication

How Often Should Equipment Be Lubricated?

This can change depending on your environment and operating conditions. A machine operating in a clean environment with ambient temperatures and a typical load should be lubricated according to its schedule. However, if this same machine is in a dusty, high-temperature environment working 24/7, its change or relubrication intervals will be shorter than the regular ones.

Lubrication reduces friction in your system. Hence, you can detect when friction levels increase if you’re monitoring your assets using ultrasound. This would allow you to apply a small volume of lubricant to lower these levels. (This is specifically for greases.)

You are always advised to check with your OEM, who will have recommended lubrication schedules for your equipment in varying environments and operating conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions About Machinery Lubrication

What Are the Signs of Poor Lubrication?

Poor lubrication can mean under- or over-lubricated assets or incorrect use of a lubricant in a particular application. If your lubricant is not meeting the expected intervals and the components constantly fail due to lubrication issues, these are some telltale signs of poor lubrication.

How Do I Know If I’m Using the Right Lubricant?

All lubricants are required to meet standards to prove their performance, or OEMs may approve some for their suited applications. The lubricant’s performance standards should be compared to those outlined by the OEM for a particular piece of equipment. If they don’t match or there are discrepancies, then the OEM or lubricant supplier should be contacted for verification. Sometimes, an over-qualified lubricant may be used in your application, and it can also give you the expected results, but of course, at a higher cost.

Lubricants are the lifeblood of our equipment and keep our industry moving. We need to understand them fully, their roles in our equipment, and how we can optimize them for maximum performance.

References

Debshaw, B. (2023, February 02). Reducing Costs, Increasing Production: The Remarkable Impact of Predictive Maintenance. Retrieved from Precision Lubrication Magazine: https://precisionlubrication.com/articles/predictive-maintenance/
Mathura, S. (2024, April 01). Lubricant Additives: A Comprehensive Guide. Retrieved from Precision Lubrication Magazine: https://precisionlubrication.com/articles/lubricant-additives/
Mathura, S. (2023, March 26). Oil viscosity: A practical guide. Retrieved from Precision Lubrication Magazine: https://precisionlubrication.com/articles/oil-viscosity/
Britton, R. (2023, January 26). How do Solid Lubricants work? Retrieved from Precision Lubrication Magazine: https://precisionlubrication.com/articles/solid-lubricants/
Hamrock, B. J., Schmid, S. R., & Jacobson, B. O. (2004). Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication Second Edition. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Pirro, D. M., Webster, M., & Daschner, E. (2016). Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Pirro, D. M., Webster, M., & Daschner, E. (2016). Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Hamrock, B. J., Schmid, S. R., & Jacobson, B. O. (2004). Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication Second Edition. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Lubrication Maintenance Best Practices

We’ve already covered some mistakes; it’s time to look forward to some lubrication best practices. To some of us, these may seem trivial, but they can lead to big impacts on your overall maintenance budget and can even manage to decrease some unplanned downtime.

Creating a Lubrication Maintenance Schedule

Every component in your industrial facility needs to be lubricated. The frequency at which this occurs, alongside the type of lubricant, can vary greatly. However, by properly mapping out your lubrication points and frequency intervals, you can develop a lubrication maintenance schedule that your planner will be proud of!

The first task on your list would be to have a detailed listing of all your assets, their locations, the type of lubricant being used, and suggested relubrication frequency. Next, this can be consolidated into daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly tasks.

Afterward, you must bring your mapping skills into place as you incorporate the lubrication tasks with other maintenance tasks in the same area. This way, your assigned personnel maximize their time in one geographical location.

Importance of Lubricant Analysis and Condition Monitoring

How often do you perform blood work for yourself or visit your doctor? Performing blood work is similar to taking an oil sample for our equipment as we investigate what’s happening inside it. This can give us a heads-up on an impending failure (if there is a high wear metal concentration or the presence of contaminants) or an issue in the oil (changes in viscosity or additive packages).

By effectively monitoring the health of your oil, you can prevent unplanned shutdowns or even extend its life. This can save your company from significant losses and increase your production output.

Lubrication Training for Maintenance Teams

Quite often in our industry, we hear, “Oil is oil, or grease is grease,” but after reading this article, I’m sure you will agree that those words are a very big misrepresentation. This is why training is so important for our teams. We want to ensure we all understand why we’re not leaving the oil drums out in the rain and pouring them into our equipment!

This will lead to water getting into the oil drums. Then, we include the water in our equipment alongside our oil, which will change the oil’s viscosity, possibly leech out some of the additives being used for protection, and can act as a catalyst for further, rapid degradation of the oil.

This simple storage and handling concept can cost our company unplanned downtime and loss to production, but by adequately training our teams to understand lubrication and some of the best practices, we can transform our facilities into world-class lubrication sites. The only way to do this is as a team working together to achieve a goal that we all understand.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.

Oil Properties

Common Lubrication Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Mistakes can happen all the time, but when we repeat them, they can become a habit or, worse, be viewed as a “best practice” within our industry. In the lubrication realm, there are a few common mistakes that occur quite frequently. In some cases, the operators may not understand or be aware of the full gravity of these mistakes. In this section, we will explore ways to avoid these mistakes.

Over-Lubrication vs. Under-Lubrication

“Some grease is better than no grease” is a common saying in the industry. However, there is such a thing as over-lubrication! Think about swimming pools. The pool usually has different levels: a minimum fill level, then a mid-tier level, and finally, the maximum level.

Common Lubrication Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Over-lubrication of a bearing

If we don’t fill it to the minimum level, it’s basically a puddle of water, not a swimming pool. We need a certain volume of water to function as a swimming pool. The same applies to our equipment.

We will under-lubricate our equipment if we do not provide enough grease or oil. In these cases, there is not enough lubricant to form the full required film to keep the two moving surfaces apart and perform all the lubricant functions. Therefore, there will be increased friction, wear, and heat, all leading to system inefficiencies.

On the other hand, if we filled the swimming pool beyond the maximum level, it would be pretty tricky for us to stand in it (while touching the bottom) or walk across the length of the pool without having lots of opposition from the water compared to walking across the length of the pool when it’s filled mid-way.

Something similar is happening with our equipment. If we over-lubricate it, we place additional stress on the components to perform extra work, as they must move on a thicker layer of lubricant, which will cause frictional losses. This can cause the equipment to heat up, leading to degradation of the lubricant and loss of efficiency.

Both over-lubrication and under-lubrication can be detrimental to your equipment. Instead, use the optimal level of lubricant, or (in the case of greases) use ultrasound to determine the required amount of grease for your application. In both cases, the ideal amount of lubricant is the volume at which the coefficient of friction is significantly lowered.

Choosing the Wrong Lubricant for the Application

Quite often, the wrong lubricant is chosen for the application. This can happen in several ways, whether unintentional or an error passed down through shift changes. Selecting the correct lubricant for your application begins with knowing the environmental and operational conditions and the equipment specifications.

Your first guide/resource should be the equipment’s OEM. They designed the equipment to perform within specific tolerance limits and can advise on the most appropriate lubricant given these tolerances. If they cannot be contacted, an alternative would be contacting your lubricant supplier to help determine the best lubricant based on their expertise with similar types of equipment in varying conditions.

Selecting the correct lubricant for your application begins with knowing the environmental and operational conditions and the equipment specifications.

Another misconception about selecting lubricants is that they should be chosen based on their initial cost. Instead, the total lifecycle cost of the lubricant should be considered, and the properties of the lubricant should also be factored into the decision-making process. The initial cost of the lubricant pales compared to the cost associated with unplanned downtimes, the short life span of the lubricant, and its disposal.

Inadequate Lubricant Storage and Handling

Lubricants should be handled with care. They can be affected by temperature, light, water, particulate, or even atmospheric contamination. They must be stored properly in a dry, clean, cool space (not exposed to the elements).

When transferring lubricants from larger containers into smaller ones, think of how you would perform this operation if you transferred blood from the blood bank to one of your family members. Would you use any container you found on the ground, or would you ensure that it is a sterilized container (needle or equipment)?

Lubricants can easily become contaminated with particulates, which can then be transferred to machines, leading to unplanned shutdowns. When transferring lubricants, it is critical to ensure that we do not introduce contaminants or transfer these contaminants to our equipment. We must keep the lubricants clean and free from contaminants.

Ignoring Environmental and Operational Conditions

Not all lubricants are created equally. Some are designed for harsher environments, while others can only function in regular operating conditions. Mineral oils can typically work in many circumstances. However, when higher temperatures or loads are involved, this may be a job more suited for a synthetic lubricant.

On the other hand, if the lubricants are geographically close to waterways or come into contact with them in any way, then these should be environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs). Depending on the load and temperatures experienced by your equipment, your lubricant provider or OEM for the machinery can advise on the best-suited lubricant that will perform in these conditions.

Find out more in the full article featured in Precision Lubrication Magazine.